Statistics
SOLUTION: MTH 311 Pima Medical Institute Tucson Interpreting Graphs Discussion
SOLUTION: MTH 311 Pima Medical Institute Tucson Interpreting Graphs Discussion.
Frequency Tables
Suppose your instructor wants to evaluate his teaching. If his students are
getting good grades, he will probably assume he’s doing a good job. The
“proof” might be a complete list of students showing the current grade
next to each name. This does provide information, but too much detail. A Statistics Tutorial: Frequency Tables
summary of grades displayed in a frequency table might be more
Activity: Construct a Frequency Table
useful.
A frequency table displays data in a table with two columns. The first
lists all possible results and the second the number of times that result occurred. So, in the example
below, our teacher’s frequency table could have the “letter grades” in the left column and the number of
students receiving that grade in the right column. Grouping the data like this makes it much easier to
draw a conclusion.
But what if, instead of letter grades, the student results were recorded as total points? If the maximum
points were 500, would you want to see a table with 500 rows? Given all the possible values, only a few
point totals would likely have more than one student. Once again, by creating some point ranges, you can
group the students into meaningful point categories and easily summarize the data.
You can present even more useful information by adding a relative frequency column and a cumulative
frequency column.
Relative and Cumulative Frequency
The relative frequency is the proportion or percentage of times a particular result occurred.
As always, percentages add context. Instead of only knowing that 15 students are getting a C, you also
know that’s 60% of the class.
The cumulative frequency, on the other hand, is the proportion or percentage of occurrences in that
category and all preceding categories. The cumulative frequency is more meaningful when the results or
result categories are arranged in ascending or descending order. You could see at a glance, for example,
that 84% of the students are getting a “C” or better in the class.
Visual Representations of Data
You’ve heard the saying that “a picture is worth a thousand words.” The expression is a reminder that you
can often communicate complex information more simply and more effectively with a picture rather than a
wordy explanation. For example, I don’t need to actually read the sports page when I want to find out if
my favorite team won the big game. Seeing that first picture of my guys either raising their arms or
hunching their shoulders tells me all I need to know.
This lesson introduces you to the techniques most commonly used to visually display statistical data.
When developed correctly, statistical “pictures” like tables, graphs, and charts make it easier to
understand the data at a glance.
This lesson and the next deal with a segment of statistics called descriptive analysis. As its name
implies, the goal of descriptive analysis is simply to describe the data. You summarize the results (e.g.,
how many people liked or disliked the product) without necessarily drawing any conclusions.
Student 1:
https://localnews8.com/news/top-stories/2020/10/15/fighting-the-opioid-epidemic-inidaho/
Fighting the opioid epidemic in Idaho – Local News 8Governor Little says he is
committing to combating substance misuse in Idaho.Local News 8
This graph could be misleading with the gray color has abuse potential. The numbers
would not be 100% accurate because they are saying this person has potential to have
a problem, but does not currently have a problem. I also think it is interesting that
natural opioids cause more death than synthetic.
I did not know the difference of natural vs semisynthetic vs syntheic opioids, in case I
am not the only one:
There are 3 main types of opioids:
Natural opiates include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Semisynthetic/manmade opioids are created in labs from natural opiates. Semi-synthetic
opioids include hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and oxycodone (the prescription drug
OxyContin), as well as heroin, which is made from morphine
After researching the difference or the meaning of the colors on the graph I think it is
intersting that they seperated heroin for it own color, yellow, rather then lump it in with
the natural opioids, blue. The graphy shows that in the state of Idaho from 2001-2018
overdose deaths have increased substantially, but I would like to know the drug for
instance are they dieing from morphine, codeine, oxycodone or norco. In the dental
world it is very common for after a tooth has been pulled to prescrib a patient norco 5.
My old dentist use to give patients 10 norco 5 for when he removed wisdom teeth. My
new dentist puts all patient after an extraction on a stricked ibuprofen and tylenol
regiment and no opioids. I have worked for my dentist for over 2 years now and i have
never seen him prescribe an opioid. Some people are not happy, but we have not had
anyone say anything or disagree with the doctor when he talks about the regiment.
Student 2:
Suppose your instructor wants to evaluate his teaching. If his students are
getting good grades, he will probably assume he’s doing a good job. The
“proof” might be a complete list of students showing the current grade
next to each name. This does provide information, but too much detail. A Statistics Tutorial: Frequency Tables
summary of grades displayed in a frequency table might be more
Activity: Construct a Frequency Table
useful.
A frequency table displays data in a table with two columns. The first
lists all possible results and the second the number of times that result occurred. So, in the example
below, our teacher’s frequency table could have the “letter grades” in the left column and the number of
students receiving that grade in the right column. Grouping the data like this makes it much easier to
draw a conclusion.
But what if, instead of letter grades, the student results were recorded as total points? If the maximum
points were 500, would you want to see a table with 500 rows? Given all the possible values, only a few
point totals would likely have more than one student. Once again, by creating some point ranges, you can
group the students into meaningful point categories and easily summarize the data.
You can present even more useful information by adding a relative frequency column and a cumulative
frequency column.
Relative and Cumulative Frequency
The relative frequency is the proportion or percentage of times a particular result occurred.
As always, percentages add context. Instead of only knowing that 15 students are getting a C, you also
know that’s 60% of the class.
The cumulative frequency, on the other hand, is the proportion or percentage of occurrences in that
category and all preceding categories. The cumulative frequency is more meaningful when the results or
result categories are arranged in ascending or descending order. You could see at a glance, for example,
that 84% of the students are getting a “C” or better in the class.
Visual Representations of Data
You’ve heard the saying that “a picture is worth a thousand words.” The expression is a reminder that you
can often communicate complex information more simply and more effectively with a picture rather than a
wordy explanation. For example, I don’t need to actually read the sports page when I want to find out if
my favorite team won the big game. Seeing that first picture of my guys either raising their arms or
hunching their shoulders tells me all I need to know.
This lesson introduces you to the techniques most commonly used to visually display statistical data.
When developed correctly, statistical “pictures” like tables, graphs, and charts make it easier to
understand the data at a glance.
This lesson and the next deal with a segment of statistics called descriptive analysis. As its name
implies, the goal of descriptive analysis is simply to describe the data. You summarize the results (e.g.,
how many people liked or disliked the product) without necessarily drawing any conclusions.
Student 1:
https://localnews8.com/news/top-stories/2020/10/15/fighting-the-opioid-epidemic-inidaho/
Fighting the opioid epidemic in Idaho – Local News 8Governor Little says he is
committing to combating substance misuse in Idaho.Local News 8
This graph could be misleading with the gray color has abuse potential. The numbers
would not be 100% accurate because they are saying this person has potential to have
a problem, but does not currently have a problem. I also think it is interesting that
natural opioids cause more death than synthetic.
I did not know the difference of natural vs semisynthetic vs syntheic opioids, in case I
am not the only one:
There are 3 main types of opioids:
Natural opiates include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Semisynthetic/manmade opioids are created in labs from natural opiates. Semi-synthetic
opioids include hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and oxycodone (the prescription drug
OxyContin), as well as heroin, which is made from morphine
After researching the difference or the meaning of the colors on the graph I think it is
intersting that they seperated heroin for it own color, yellow, rather then lump it in with
the natural opioids, blue. The graphy shows that in the state of Idaho from 2001-2018
overdose deaths have increased substantially, but I would like to know the drug for
instance are they dieing from morphine, codeine, oxycodone or norco. In the dental
world it is very common for after a tooth has been pulled to prescrib a patient norco 5.
My old dentist use to give patients 10 norco 5 for when he removed wisdom teeth. My
new dentist puts all patient after an extraction on a stricked ibuprofen and tylenol
regiment and no opioids. I have worked for my dentist for over 2 years now and i have
never seen him prescribe an opioid. Some people are not happy, but we have not had
anyone say anything or disagree with the doctor when he talks about the regiment.
Student 2:
The information on this graph shows the percentage of high schoolers on
specific illicit drugs in the state of New Mexico. I chose this state not only
because it is where I live but because drugs in this state are at a severe
high. This graph shows that prescription drug use among the high
schoolers is the highest at 14.3%, followed by cocaine at 8.8%, Ecstasy at
7.9%, Meth at 4.4%, with Heroin coming in last at 3.5%.
The graph the way it is already is showing some scary information, but it
could be in more detail such as adding male/female and what types of
opioids such as natural & synthetic, methadone, synthetic (not including
methadone), and heroin. By adding this information to the graph, it would
give more information to the reader.
Below the graph it states each drug type was higher than the national
average so it would be nice to have a better graph that would show the
national average for each state.
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SOLUTION: MTH 311 Pima Medical Institute Tucson Interpreting Graphs Discussion